Adapted from Pascal
My basic idea is that all intelligence is collective & all collectives are intelligent. The first part of this merely indicates that intelligence is known through relational behaviors -- whether among brain cells, social groups or metaphysical entities. The second bit says that intelligence is inherent in structures. It doesn't have to be produced but must instead be excavated and enhanced. In principle we need to inhibit the primitive expressions of intelligence, thereby forcing it to migrate to higher levels of efficacy. Collective intelligence is primarily about inventing protocols which obstruct the lower tendencies of group intelligence. We do not know all of the problems which we need to inhibit, but we do know several important ones.
1. Prevent autocracy.
If 10 units (individuals) of intelligence are present and only 1 unit makes decisions there is an obvious failure to harness the available potential. If that 1 unit is ridiculously wise & gifted then monarchy can succeed for a period of time. This is seldom the case. Historically the 1 has been simply the beneficiary of military & economic might, either directly or by mere heredity. This is an extremely poor model of collective intelligence and typically generates abysmal living-evolving conditions for the bulk of the population. One example of an attempt to obstruct this "dictatorial collapse" is the Tibetan system in which the Lord Lama is rigorously trained in humility, discourse, reason and the embrace of the intelligence of others. Another way is the Cyclical Democracy in which definite term limits create a situation of regular shifting leadership. Protocol rules must limit the Powers and Financial Remuneration of officials.
Note - Although autocracies, and the hierarchies they spawn, are generally understood to be counter-productive in the political management of societies they are still tolerated in much of the business communities -- which is imagined along a "private fiefdom" and "managerial aristocracy" model.
Lola writes:
We must be careful here not to fall into the trap of the converse- namely that the other nine may lack the intelligence embodied by the one, and so reduce the whole process down to their level. Always we must have a way of quantifying and mediating intelligence, so that positive contributions are maximized and negative contributions minimized.
2. Prevent majoritarianism.
Rule by the majority is more intelligent than rule by 1 -- but not always very much more intelligent. In a 51% to 49% split it is easy to see how the "winning position" excludes the intelligence of basically half of its participants. In a multi-party state, especially where voter turnout is periodically low, it is possible for a very small group to assert itself over the general well-being. This model of democracy is popular because it is widely comprehensible... along the lines of "team sports." This problem can be obstructed by rules which require the outcome to be "averaged" -- representing a central nexus of the collective hunch rather than temporary victory for one gang or another. Experiments conducted on group intelligence show that the averaged guess usually outperforms the dominant guess.
Lola writes:
The singular flaw with the implementation of universal democracy is the same problem which vexed the founders of America, ie. how to prevent mob rule. If an averaged decision is to be reached, then we must move beyond binary choices in our elective strategies. Propositions cannot be simply ‘yes/no’ affairs, they must exhibit subtle gradations of possibility, such as what we see on polling scales- strongly agree, moderately agree, not sure, moderately disagree, strongly disagree. Even beyond this, we should be able to devise methods whereby individuals can easily quantify their thought-process with extreme precision.
It is interesting to note that it is not a lack of intelligence that is the problem in society, but rather the implementation of outmoded systems which deliberately limit the amount of intelligence available, ie. binary voting.
Part of the reason for this is that up until now we have not had the socio-technical processing power to deal with decision potentials in anything but their most limited expressions. This limit has now been fully transcended by networked electronic communications.
3. Prevent swarming.
Humans, like all animals, exhibit swarm behaviour when they are actively taking their behavior cues from each other. Mobs are an example of this primitive form of group intelligence. Hollow fads are another example. In order to prevent this "herd" activity there must be a minimum degree of privacy and autonomy among the participants. The innovation of the private voting booth has been a tremendous boon to society -- since it is well known that people will not "vote their conscience" if they are in danger of being observed by their peer group. The desire to hold people accountable for their votes is natural but leads to partisanship, bartering, and the replacement of intelligence consideration by an attempt to strategically position oneself after the vote.
Lola writes:
A secret ballot and anonymous ballot are NOT the same thing! Secrecy breeds suspicion, in that it fundamentally denies transparency. Obviously it was necessary at one point in time in order to prevent coercion, but now it has outlived its social usefulness. An anonymous ballot is different in that being non-binary no ‘absolute’ position can be tied to any one individual. For example, you can never be 100% for or against any initiative or representative, meaning that the stakes for any representative or initiative are considerably lessened, thereby eliminating the need for secrecy and ensuring the constant distribution of power.
These decisions are anonymous also by virtue of the fact that the collective results are weighted, rather than additive; thereby creating a spectrum of policy that cannot be attached to any one group or party. Decisions are the collective output of data, not the specific preferences of individuals, and this data will be transparently available to anyone who wishes to see it, a process which we might suppose would created more honesty and social responsibility, whilst simultaneously defraying the possibility of retribution since no one position can ever become dominant.
However, having said all this, it is worthwhile asking the question as to whether such a diffuse system can produce reliable and actionable results, or whether it will be burdened by the failure of indecisions and lack of leadership.
4. Prevent consensus.
This strikes many people as counter-intuitive. However, the consensus involves a mixture of swarming and majoritarian impulse. As people maneuver each other and themselves toward "popular acceptability" they jettison a great deal of the individual intelligence that they originally brought the discussion. Thus the result is generally the establishment of an abstract swarm-autocrat. If 1 unit of intelligence is combined and averaged with another 1 unit the resulting average is directly shaped by both participants. Their intelligence is synthesized. On the other hand if they collectively come up with a position to which they both agree then we have a situation in which 1 new opinion is combined with another identical opinion. The result is each party is now operating with something like .5 of an opinion.
Note - This illustrates a general danger that arises when individuals think about groups. We tend to image the group as a large individual -- which it is not. Thus we arrange ourselves to get 1 Personal Opinion out the group. This is an error by virtue of its inefficiency. A group can produce potentially many times more than 1 person's opinion.
Lola writes:
This is a crucial insight, one which is invariably neglected when discussion of collective intelligence arises.
A group decision need not be monolithic, some middle-of-the-road porridge that in its attempts to please all tastes become unredeemably bland. The social space for the expression of intelligence is much broader and accommodating than we might suspect. The narrow options of binary decisions serve to restrict freedom and the possibility of expanded intelligence. This creates tension and conflict, as there will always be some group that feels marginalized and chooses to act anti-socially on those feelings.
Expanding the space for action, and broadening the possibilities inherent in any social structure act to diffuse these tensions, since everyone’ input is considered valid.
What this means is that our future social spaces will necessarily be multiple in character, composed of many different expressions all working together and influencing each other. A hyper-intelligent social space has room for all possibilities, without the need for compromises (provided those possibilities are ecological and sustainable, and not exploitative).
5. Prevent ignorance.
My slogan is "participation, not membership." It means that a diversity of competent participants produces more intelligent outcomes than similar processes engaged in by official members. Merely to be "in the club" of citizens should not be the requirement for democratic involvement. It is not tolerable for individuals to vote on the basis of ignorance. Election outcomes would be of superior quality where they open to informed citizens of other countries and closed to uninformed citizens of one's own nation. The means of inhibiting the effects of "ignorant members" is to provide an on-the-spot skill-testing entry exam. It must be simple enough to be fair, objective enough to avoid taking sides in the decision making, free & amenable to multiple re-takings. The goal is not to exclude but to require basic knowledge of those who are included. In political elections, for example, a simple matching procedure between candidates' names, pictures, and stated policies might be sufficient. Doubtless several styles of exam may be provided for individuals with different learning styles.
Note - This is also a means of obstruction "non-representation." Many political problems exist when whole segments such as women, blacks, children, etc. are blocked from participation. The justification for such blockage is that these parties are not competent. A simple competence test does away with all need to include or exclude on the basis of caste, race, etc.
Lola writes:
This action alone would go a huge way towards decentralizing the globe’s nation-states and their entrenched and destructive identities. We must simply recognize that on a single planet there is no such thing as a consequence-free decision. Everything we do affects every other part of the world. Our policies are directly and indirectly impacting other members of humanity, and our selfish notions of ‘sovereignty’ and ‘nationalism’ are no longer valid excuses for acting in ways that undermine the survival interests of other people and the planet itself.
The ability to participate in social decisions, both great and small is not an inherent right, but a privilege born of responsibility. Everyone who is proven to be competent has an obligation to participate, and to educate and nurture those who are not yet capable.
Of course, this prescription will clash wildly with the industrial west’s cherished notions of ‘free individualism’ (which is easily demonstrated to be a myth) and ‘democratic rights’. Unfortunately, there is no circumventing it. An open and free society is by its nature a fragile thing, easily swayed by the passions of the ignorant, and steered disastrously by the selfish-interests of the power-hungry. It must protect its openness by being inclusive yet maintaining basic standards.
6. Prevent predatory influences.
The most obvious example are the so-called "lobbyists." Social anxiety and greed are powerful, insidious motivators which must be -- to the best of our ability -- prevented from interfering with decisions. Even in the decision about how to best proceed toward wealth we can see that the group intelligence would be undermined by the ability of individuals to profit from the group's failure. Insider trading on Wall Street and sabotage in warfare are examples of this same difficulty. It can be obstructed with a combination of clear rules, vigilance and rigorous investigation. In a more extreme sense this is the rule which means that interested participants cannot perpetrate violence or intimidation upon each other.
Lola writes:
Again we come back to the idea of transparent yet anonymous. For instance, lobbying could be completely eliminated with a simple measure stating that all campaign contributions must be anonymous, or, better yet, go into a public fund which is equally allocated to all members. Further, all financial dealings would be a matter of public record, open to anyone who wanted to see them.
7. Prevent dualism.
There is a persistent human tendency to simplify problems by reducing them to "two choices." This is useful but becomes a problem when the choices are conceived as "two sides" rather than "two directions." A thermometer is functional because it tells us more then just Hot vs. Cold. We already know that part. What it tells us is where we are on a scale between Hotter and Colder. We can see that evaluations made on a gradient have much greater utility than do mere pro/con choices. Pollsters take advantage of this fact with simple multiple choice options ("Always / Sometimes / Seldom / Never" etc.). A group decision on the basis of "Should we have troops in Afghanistan?" will necessarily have less granularity, less precision, than a group decision based on "How many troops should we have in Afghanistan?" This latter question includes "0" as a option but does away with the implied All-Or-Nothing mentality.
8. Prevent aimlessness.
Consider the difference between the following three questions: "Choose an Individual from the following list," "Which person on the following list should be our next president?" "Which person on the following list will be the most competent president?" Decision making is a task. Many brains have difficulty perform a task if it is insufficiently specified. If they do not know exactly what to do they will begin guessing and quickly fall back on established habits and selfish interests. It will be a half-assed performance. In order to select a name off a list, or to make any kind of evaluation, I must have something against which to evaluate it. The third question contains an evocation of the virtue of competence. I can therefore check these individuals against must sense of what "competence" means. Without a very specific criteria I will not be able to provide myself with feedback during the decision making process. A choice is aimless when the individual participant lacks a standard against which to make the choice and/or when the individual is not provided with information about how to make a decision. A great deal of confusion could be avoided, for example, if voting ballots included the following suggestion, "Please take a minute to compare your knowledge of this topic against your emotional response and try choose as comprehensively as you can."
Note - The use of virtues in phrasing questions also helps to unify all participants in the ethical work of arriving at the optimal decision. Ethical behavior is largely a matter of practice and people must be reminded to access that part of themselves.
Lola writes:
The results of our decision process will only ever be as good as the methods we use to determine them. The more intelligence that goes into the start is directly proportional to the amount that comes out at the end. Good decisions can never be made on the basis of bad information. With that in mind, a concerted effort must be made to provide accurate and truthful information on all topics, and learning to see propaganda, obfuscation, and emotional appeals for what they are- attempts to cover over a gross lack of high-quality information.
One possible step would be to anonymize the candidate, making the focus issues and policies rather than personalities. People would provide their input on specific actionable proposals, thereby doing away with the need for politicians altogether.
9. Minimize secrecy.
The idea of "transparency" is the popular assertion of this point. Some things must be concealed, at least temporarily, for the common good. These must be actively debated and minimized. An intelligent group decision requires that participations can access as much or as little information as they deem necessary in order to make a choice. For example, our collective "guess" about the status of UFO phenomena is clearly inhibited by the fact that we cannot freely access the relevant classified military documents. Our average guess will be distorted by this secrecy. Likewise if we have to pay to acquire the basic facts of a situation then those who cannot pay are forced to provide an inadequate contribution to the collective intelligence. This harms everyone. Free and open access to the maximal number of information sources on the matter in question is a pre-requisite for intelligence decisions.